If you took introductory physics, you learned about the “fundamental forces.” It goes something like this: All interactions are the result of one or more of five basic forces: strong nuclear, weak ...

An atom is electrically neutral which means that there are identical numbers of protons and electrons. Positive charge of protons is composed of negative charge of electrons. It has no electrical ...

The idea of electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. The electrical field force acts between two charges, in the same way that the gravitational field force acts between two masses. The ...

Electromagnetism is a simple example of a gauge theory where the underlying potentials (the vector and scalar potentials) are defined only up to a gauge choice. The vector potential generates magnetic ...